What Is Reliability?

Posted by e-Health Wednesday, December 19, 2012 0 comments
Answer:

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly. For example, if a test is designed to measure a trait (such as introversion), then each time the test is administered to a subject, the results should be approximately the same. Unfortunately, it is impossible to calculate reliability exactly, but it can be estimated in a number of different ways.

To gauge test-retest reliability, the test is administered twice at two different points in time. This kind of reliability is used to assess the consistency of a test across time. This type of reliability assumes that there will be no change in the quality or construct being measured. Test-retest reliability is best used for things that are stable over time, such as intelligence. Generally, reliability will be higher when little time has passed between tests.

This type of reliability is assessed by having two or more independent judges score the test. The scores are then compared to determine the consistency of the raters estimates.

One way to test inter-rater reliability is to have each rater assign each test item a score. For example, each rater might score items on a scale from 1 to 10. Next, you would calculate the correlation between the two ratings to determine the level of inter-rater reliability.

Another means of testing inter-rater reliability is to have raters determine which category each observation falls into and then calculate the percentage of agreement between the raters. So, if the raters agree 8 out of 10 times, the test has an 80% inter-rater reliability rate.

Parellel-forms reliability is gauged by comparing two different tests that were created using the same content. This is accomplished by creating a large pool of test items that measure the same quality and then randomly dividing the items into two separate tests. The two tests should then be administered to the same subjects at the same time.

This form of reliability is used to judge the consistency of results across items on the same test. Essentially, you are comparing test items that measure the same construct to determine the tests internal consistency. When you see a question that seems very similar to another test question, it may indicate that the two questions are being used to gauge reliability. Because the two questions are similar and designed to measure the same thing, the test taker should answer both questions the same, which would indicate that the test has internal consistency.


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Learning and Conditioning Quiz

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If you are not ready to take the Learning and Conditioning Quiz, learn more first by reading some of the articles below:

What is Behaviorism?
ehavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Learn more about conditioning, major behaviorists, and important events in this overview of behaviorism. Introduction to Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is one of the best-known concepts of behavioral learning theory. Find information in this introduction to classical conditioning. Principles of Classical Conditioning
In addition to the basic classical conditioning process, there are a number of phenomena that play a role in classical conditioning. Find information on acquisition, extinction, discrimination, and more. Introduction to Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology. Learn more about the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior. Schedules of Reinforcement
Schedules of reinforcement have a major impact on how fast a behavior is acquired and the strength of the response. Learn more about different schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning. B.F. Skinner Biography
B. F. Skinner's research on operant conditioning made him one of the leaders of behaviorism. Learn more about his life, career, research, and writings in this B.F. Skinner biography. Ivan Pavlov Biography
Ivan Pavlov was primarily interested in physiology, but his discovery of conditional reflexes heavily influenced the behaviorist movement. Learn more about his theories, career, and influence on psychology in this Ivan Pavlov biography.
Psychology Quizzes
Test your knowledge of psychology topics in these academic quizzes. Learn more about yourself through various personality and self-assessment quizzes.

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How to Become a Therapist

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Are you looking for a rewarding career in which you can genuinely help people and enrich their lives? Then becoming a therapist just might be an excellent choice for you. While people often assume that becoming a therapist requires earning a Ph.D. in psychology, there are actually a number of different training and educational paths you can take toward this fulfilling career.Answer:

The term therapist is often a generic term used to describe a number of health care professionals who provide mental health services to clients. The following are just a few specific job titles:

Clinical PsychologistSubstance Abuse TherapistRehabilitation TherapistLicensed Professional CounselorLicensed School PsychologistLicensed Social Worker

While you may be sure that you want to become a therapist someday, the steps that you take to achieve that goal will depend largely on exactly what type of therapist you want to become. Therapists work in a wide range of settings and with diverse populations, so start your planning process by considering where you would like to eventually work.

Do you want to work with children? Becoming a clinical psychologist or licensed social worker are good options for reaching this goal.
Are you interested in working with families or couples? Consider becoming a licensed marriage and family therapist or mental health counselor.
Do you want to help people overcome substance abuse problems? A degree in clinical psychology or mental health counseling are good possibilities.

As you might quickly realize, there are nearly as many degree options as there are job descriptions for different types of therapists. By getting a general idea of what you would like to achieve as a therapist, you will be in a better position to select a school and choose a degree option.

If your goal is to become a therapist, your first step will probably be to earn a bachelor's degree in psychology. However, people with undergraduate degrees in other fields are often accepted into graduate training programs provided they make up some of the prerequisite coursework. Sociology, education and health sciences are also good choices for students interested in becoming therapists.

While an advanced degree in psychology can open up a wide variety of career options, there are several other program choices that you may also want to consider. The amount of time and training required to complete each degree varies.

Ph.D. or Psy.D. in Psychology: Earning a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in psychology offers perhaps the widest range of career options. Professional who have earned a doctorate degree and become licensed psychologists can work with clients in a wide range of settings, including private practice. Earning a doctorate degree can often takes between four to eight years of study beyond an undergraduate degree.
Master's in Psychology: In some states, individuals with a master's degree can become licensed psychologists. Individuals with a master's degree can also work in a number of different mental health care settings, but it is important to check the guidelines in your state to determine what type of services you can provide with this degree.
Master's Degree in Counseling: If you are interested in working with children, adults, families or couples, becoming a licensed professional counselor can be a great choice. The 60-credits required to complete the degree can take between two to three years, depending upon your schedule and the individual program in which you are enrolled. In many cases, you may also have to complete an additional 12-16 credit hours of training in order to become licensed in your state.
Master's Degree in Social Work: Licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs) usually complete two years of coursework beyond the undergraduate degree, as well an internship and supervised experience directly in the field. Individuals with a master's in social work are often able to provide therapy to clients in a wide variety of setting and situations.
Master's Degree in Advanced Psychiatric Nursing: This often overlooked degree option is a great choice for nurses who have an interest in mental health. Advanced psychiatric nurses are required to have a master's degree or higher in psychiatric-mental health nursing, which can take anywhere from two to three years to complete beyond the bachelor's degree.

After you have chosen the educational path that is right for your unique needs and interests, it is important to discuss your options with an academic counselor at the school of your choice. In many cases, your best bet is to talk about your goals with an advisor from within the program you plan to attend. Prepare a list of questions about the specific degree requirements, state licensing guidelines for therapists and demographic information about students who have graduated from the program.

What Factors Should You Consider Before Choosing a Psychology Major?
What's the Difference Between a B.A. and a B.S. in Psychology?
Should You Get a Master's or Doctorate Degree in Psychology?
What Factors Should You Consider Before Going to Psychology Graduate School?
What Courses Are Required By Psychology Graduate Programs?
What Are Some Alternative Graduate Programs for Psychology Majors?
How Do I Choose a Psychology Graduate Program?

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How to Write A Title Page

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The title page is the first page of your psychology paper. In order to make a good first impression, it is important to have a well-formatted title page in proper APA format that clearly represents your paper. The following format should be used in both psychology lab reports and research articles. Your instructor may also request that you use a similar format for other types of psychology writing. Elements of a Title Page Article titleAuthors nameAuthors school affiliationRunning headPage numberChoosing a Title
One of the most difficult tasks is choosing a good title. Your title should be as specific as possible. Notice the titles used in the following examples: [Specific] "Second-order Beliefs and the Use of Self-Presentational Explanations for Behavior"[General] "Cognitive Abilities and Social Understanding"The best way to structure you title is to look at your hypothesis and experimental variables. For example: "The Effects of [Independent Variable] on [Dependent Variable]"
Other Elements
A running head should be included in the upper left hand corner on all pages, including the title page.
All pages, including the title page, should also have a page number located in the upper right hand corner.
The first line of your title page should be left-aligned at the top of the page, using the following format:

Running head: PAGE TITLE

Note that the running head should be listed as no more that fifty characters, including letters, spacing between words and punctuation, of your title in uppercase letters.


Your title, name and school should be double-spaced and centered on the page.Check out this example of a title page in APA format.if(zSbL

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Concrete Operational Stage

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References

Santrock, John W. (2008). A topical approach to life-span development (4 ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill.

Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, H.E.; Voneche, J.J. eds. The essential Piaget. New York: Basic Books.

Piaget, J. (1983). Piaget's theory. In P. Mussen (ed). Handbook of Child Psychology. 4th edition. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley.


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